Graphene is a single-atomic-layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice.  The unprecedented features of graphene make it the thinnest and strongest material ever created. Graphene is the basic structural element of carbon allotropes such as graphite, charcoal,

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic white powder, insoluble in water and used as an additive in numerous materials and products including cosmetics, food, rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, paints, adhesives, sealants, pigments, batteries, fire retardants, and first-aid tapes,

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the major component, and an essential ingredient, of normal bone and teeth. The synthetic and natural HA differ in terms of physical microstructure, crystal size, and porosity, but chemical similarities to bone, in both forms, as well

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several

Calcium carbonate is one of the most useful and versatile materials known to man. One simple example of calcium carbonate is chalk that has been used as a writing tool for over 10,000 years. As limestone, calcium carbonate is

According to the European Pharmacopoeia, “an excipient is any component, other than the active substance(s), present in a medicinal product or used in the manufacture of the product. The intended function of an excipient is to act as the

According to the definitions provided by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) corresponds to any substance or mixture of substances used in a finished pharmaceutical product intended to